- Radical feminism
- Liberal feminism
- Marxist-feminism
- Black feminism
- Post modern feminism
2) Which category would Judith Butler fit into? What about Angela McRobbie? Laura Bates and Everyday Sexism? Explain your answers.
Judith Butler - believes tradition feminists are WRONG to divide society into 'men' and 'women' and says gender is not biologically (Liberal feminist)
Angela McRobbie - highlights the empowering nature of magazines such as cosmopolitan and glamour, taking a different perspective to traditional feminist like radical (post modern feminism)
Laura Bates - she discusses the issues of feminism with the consideration of experiences of females who have been discriminated because of her gender (post modern feminism)
3) What was the difference between suffragists and suffragettes? Which approach do you agree with?
Suffragists (liberal feminist) - these were feminists from the 1897 and they protested peacefully, moderately and lawfully. Suffragettes (radical feminists) - these were feminists who didn't believe the NUWSS were progressing quick enough and decided to use aggressive antiques to persuade society women need equal rights.
4) What was Laura Mulvey's argument regarding Hollywood film? Do you agree with it? Why?
In 1975 Laura Mulvey argued that cinematography of Hollywood films objectifies women; the camera 'looks' at women as if were a male and the woman is a desirable sexual object. This is called the male gaze.I do believe Hollywood movies present women in this way by having her act as the 'princess' that needs to be saved by the 'hero'. She would then somehow end up in the arms of the hero who is the main character and it could be interpreted at this point of the film that she is the main character's trophy (objectification).
5) Watch this YouTube video extract on Jean Kilbourne's Killing Us Softly series and list five examples she gives of the media objectifying women:
- Correlation between weight and marriage
- 'Keep her where she belongs'
- Photos of models half naked
- Adverts of women linking to appearance
- L'oreal advert
6) What is Killbourne's argument regarding the representation of women in advertising?
She believes women feel as if they must strive for perfection like the models in adverts otherwise they feel guilty and ashamed when they cannot achieve the absolute flawlessness they are being told is 'normal'.
7) What is Naomi Wolf's argument in The Beauty Myth?
Wolf claims that the notion of 'beauty' is entirely socially constructed and patriarchal. This means that men in a given society create rules of what is considered beautiful in women but this alters from culture to culture.
8) Why is the representation of women in music videos a controversial topic for feminists?
In the music genre of R&B and hip hop videos has been an area of contentious debate for feminists in recent years. Many feminists have looked at the lyrics and images used in these musical genres and there has been disagreement about whether the women portrayed are victims of patriarchal oppression or empowered female role models.
9) What is your view of female artists such as Nicki Minaj or Beyonce - do they empower women or reinforce sexist, patriarchal views?
Both of these artists reinforce sexist and patriarchal views because of the content they produce and portray. Their main theme in most of their music videos are about sex and seduction which would influence male audience's into objectifying women and females (usually young) who aspire the artists may copy their behaviours. So its both males and females that are effecting the progression of femininity because of the significant public figures in the music industry that can influence audiences. Also, audiences would probably associate Nicki Minaj's music and behaviour with Laura Mulvey's theory of the male gaze because males are forced to glare at her because of the way she is presented.
10) Has new and digital media given women an opportunity to challenge sexist views or is it simply another media platform for women to be oppressed? Explain your view.
New and digital media has already given women a voice to challenge sexist views. A movement like 'No More Page 3' has had a significant on society and the rights of women because they have put a stop to certain things. For example, they stopped The Sun from putting a young naked model on page 3 of The Sun through a movement that's headquarters is online. Furthermore, it has given more women the confidence to speak about their sexist experiences in society which could close the 'gap' between males and females. However due to public figures being every like a God, audiences are always at the risk of getting influenced by them. For example, young males from working class families would most likely be fans of hip hop and could copy the themes presented in the music videos. Therefore, would be prone to discriminating and objectifying women.
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